Hanyoyi Uku Masu Sauri Don Gano Matsalolin CPU na ABB PLC a Layin Masana’antu
Lokacin da ABB PLC CPU ta daina aiki, duk layin samarwa yana tsayawa. Ma’aikata sukan ruga suna neman musabbabin matsalar. Injiniyoyi suna yawan zargin software ko hardware. A lokuta da dama, ainihin matsalar tana ɓoye ne a wuri mai sauƙi. Wannan sabon labari yana bayyana hanyoyi guda uku da aka gwada aka kuma tabbatar don gano matsalolin CPU da sauri. Kowace hanya ta fito ne daga ainihin ƙwarewar masana’anta. Manufar kuwa ɗaya ce: a dawo da layinku yana aiki cikin gaggawa tare da ƙaramin jinkiri.
Hanya Ta Farko: Karanta Hasken Halin CPU (Status Lights) Cikin Daidai
Mafi yawan masu fasaha suna kallon fitilun LED amma suna fassara su ba daidai ba. Ja mai ɗorewa ya bambanta da jajayen da ke walƙiya. Ja mai ɗorewa yakan nuna matsalar wutar lantarki (power supply) da ta mutu. Jajayen da ke walƙiya galibi suna nuna firmware ta karye. Fitilun kore da ke walƙiya ba daidai ba suna iya nuna matsalar lokaci na sadarwa (communication timeout). Rubuta tsarin walƙiyar kafin ku taɓa kowace waya. ABB CPUs suna amfani da takamaiman lambar walƙiya (blink codes). Littafin jagora yana jera waɗannan lambobin bisa lambar samfur (model number). Ku ajiye takaitacciyar jadawali a bugagge a cikin ƙofar akwatun kulawa (control cabinet). Wannan ƙaramin mataki yana iya ceton mintuna talatin na hasashe a kowane lamari.
Hanya Ta Biyu: Ware CPU Daga Kowane Sauran Na’ura
Kada ku gwada CPU yayin da take haɗe da I/O modules ko hanyoyin sadarwa. Cire duk igiyoyi sai wutar lantarki kaɗai. Cire Ethernet, Profibus, da layin serial. Cire duk katin ƙwaƙwalwa ko na’urorin faɗaɗa (expansion units). Sannan ku kashe, ku kunna CPU ɗin da ta rage kai tsaye. Idan kuskuren ya ɓace, ku dinga mayar da kowane sashi ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Wannan tsari yana bayyana wace na’ura ce ke haifar da faɗakarwar kuskure (alarm). Wata masana’antar abinci ta yi amfani da wannan hanya bara. Sun gano sensor ɗin zafin jiki ne marar kyau da ya gajarta backplane. Sauya wannan sensor na $40 ya ceci sake sayen CPU na $4,000.
Hanya Ta Uku: Yi Amfani da Diagnostic Buffer Tun Farko, Ba a Ƙarshe Ba
Injiniyoyi da yawa suna buɗe software na shirin (programming software) sukan duba logic nan take. Wannan hanyar tana ɓata lokaci. Je kai tsaye zuwa diagnostic buffer. Wannan buffer yana rikodin duk manyan abubuwa tare da lokacin faruwa (timestamp) da lambar kuskure. Misali, code 0x2310 yana nufin ƙwaƙwalwa ta lalace (memory corruption). Code 0x4412 yana nuna watchdog timeout. Code 0x8201 yana nuni da gazawar samun damar bus. Ku rubuta waɗannan lambobin. Sannan ku bincika tushen bayanan ABB (ABB's knowledge base) daidai da lambar. A mafi yawan lokuta, mafita tana bayyana a cikin sakamakon bincike uku na farko. Kada ku sake rubuta shirin kafin ku karanta buffer ɗin.
Gaskiyar Bayanai na Masana’anta: Nazarin Lamura Biyu
Wata masana’antar tayoyi a Ohio tana samun CPU tana sake kunnawa ba zato ba tsammani kowane awanni huɗu. Sun sauya CPU sau biyu. Matsalar ta ci gaba. Wani mai fasaha ƙarshe ya duba ripple na wutar 24V power supply. Ripple ɗin ya auna 1.8V peak-to-peak. Ka’idar ABB tana yarda da 0.5V kawai. Sabuwar power supply ta kashe $120. Daina tsayawar aiki (downtime) gaba ɗaya. A wani lamari kuma, wata masana’antar ƙarfe tana fuskantar matsalar CPU ne kawai da dare. Rikodin zafin jiki ya nuna akwatun ya kai 68°C bayan tsakar dare. Ƙara fan na iska na $200 ya magance matsalar. Waɗannan misalan biyu suna nuna cewa tsadar sassa ba lallai ba ne su gyara ainihin musabbabin matsala.
Matakan Rigakafi da Ake Gaskiya Suna Aiki
Bincike na wata-wata yana hana yawancin matsalolin CPU. Auna wuta a kan terminals na CPU, ba a fitar power supply ba. Faduwar da ta fi 1V tana nuna igiyoyi ƙarami ne (undersized wires). Ku tsabtace duk fan da matattarar iska kowane watanni uku. Ɗanƙo da kura suna haifar da zafi. Yawan zafi yana haifar da fashewar haɗin siɗa (solder joint cracks). Ku yi ajiyar bayanin shirin (backup) kowane mako ta amfani da USB drive ko ajiya ta hanyar network. Ku yi wa kowace backup lakabi da kwanan wata da kuma taƙaitaccen bayani kan canje-canje. Ku horar da mutum ɗaya a kowane shift kan yadda ake fassara lambobin LED. Wannan horo na ɗaukar kusan sa’o’i biyu ne amma yana rama farashinsa ne a farkon faruwar kuskure kaɗai.
Kurakurai Masu Yawan Faruwa da Ya Kamata a Guji
Kada ku sabunta firmware a matsayin mataki na farko. Sabon firmware na iya kawo canje-canje da za su lalata logic mai aiki. Kada ku musanya CPU ba tare da rubuta tsarin hasken LED ba tun da farko. Tsarin walƙiyar yana ɓacewa da zarar kun cire wuta. Kada ku ɗauka cewa CPU ajiyar da kuke da ita tana aiki lafiya. Ku gwada kowace spare module a cikin rack mai kyau da aka tabbatar kafin amfani da ita a samarwa. Kada ku yi watsi da haɗin ƙasa (ground). Ground da bai daidaita ba yana haifar da matsaloli bazuwar da suke kama da gazawar CPU. Auna juriya (resistance) tsakanin terminal na ground da ground na ginin. Ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da ohm ɗaya.
Jagorar Shigar da Sabuwar ABB CPU Mataki-zuwa-Mataki
Shigar da CPU sabuwa yadda ya kamata na hana maimaituwar gazawa. Na farko, ku kashe wutar dukkan rack. Na biyu, ku cire tsohuwar na’urar ku tsabtace filayen backplane da iska mai matsin lamba (compressed air). Na uku, ku saita duk dip switches ko rotary dials su dace da tsohuwar na’urar. Na huɗu, ku zura sabuwar CPU a wurinta har sai kullewar latch ta danna. Na biyar, ku kunna wuta ku duba ko hasken kore mai ɗorewa ya bayyana. Na shida, ku dawo da shirin daga backup da aka tabbatar. Na bakwai, ku sa ido kan tsarin na tsawon awa ɗaya kafin ku koma cikakken samarwa. Barin kowanne daga cikin waɗannan matakai yana ƙara yiwuwar samun gazawa ta biyu cikin mako guda.
Ra’ayin Masana: Dalilin da Ya Sa CPUs ke Yawan Gazawa Yanzu
Sabbin ABB CPUs suna ɗaukar ƙarfin sarrafawa mai yawa (processing power) a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyi. Wannan cunkoso yana haifar da zafi. Zafi shi ne babban abokin gaba na na’urorin lantarki. Akwatunan kulawa da dama ba su da isasshen yawan iska saboda ƙirar asali ba ta yi la’akari da CPUs masu ƙarfin yau ba. Ƙara ƙaramin fan na zagayawar iska yana rage yawan gazawar CPU da kashi 60% bisa bayanan filin aiki daga manyan masana’antu uku. Wani sabon salo kuma shi ne tsaftar wuta mara kyau (dirty power). Variable frequency drives da na’urorin walda suna jawo hayaniya (noise) a cikin grid. Line filter ko isolation transformer yana magance wannan matsalar. Kada ku yi watsi da ingancin wuta yayin da kuke bin matsalolin CPU masu faruwa lokaci-lokaci.
Tambayoyi da Ake Yawan Yi
Q1: Har yaushe ya kamata in jira kafin in ce CPU ta mutu?
A: Ka fara bi ta duk hanyoyi uku na wannan labari. Wannan yana ɗaukar kusan mintuna 45. Sai daga baya ka fara tunanin sauya hardware. CPUs da ake kiran “matattu” da yawa suna aiki lafiya bayan duba power supply yadda ya kamata ko tsaftace backplane.
Q2: Zan iya gyara ABB CPU da kaina?
A: A’a. ABB CPUs suna amfani da allunan da ke da layuka da dama (multilayer boards) da kuma sassa na mallakar kamfani (proprietary components). Aika na’urorin da suka gaza zuwa ABB ko cibiyar gyara da aka amince da ita. Gyaran DIY yakan ƙara lalata na’urar ya kuma soke duk wata garanti da ta rage.
Q3: Waɗanne sassan ajiya ya kamata in rika tanadawa?
A: Ka tanadi CPU ɗaya ajiyar kowace irin model da ake amfani da ita a masana’antar ka. Haka kuma ka tanadi power supplies, backplane connectors, da battery kits na ajiya. Wannan ajiyar tana rufe kusan kashi 90% na matsalolin kuskure. Sauran kashi 10% kuwa suna da alaƙa ne da matsalolin network ko gazawar sensors.
