Yadda ake lissafa lokacin sikanni da ƙwaƙwalwa ga AC500 PLC?

Zaɓen PLC AC500 Mai Dacewa: Tsarin Aiki Na Gaskiya Ga Injiniyoyi

Zaɓar PLC ba wai zaɓar CPU mafi girma ba ne. Ana nufin daidaita ƙarfin kayan aiki da ainihin halayen injin. Iyalin ABB AC500 tana bauta wa aikace-aikace daga ƙaramin sarrafa conveyor zuwa manyan tsarin aikin rabawa. Wannan jagorar tana bi ne da tsarin yanke shawarar injiniya. Kowane mataki yana haɗa hanyoyin lissafi, sigogin saiti, da ƙimomin da aka gwada a filin aiki.

Daidaita Na’urorin Filin da Nau’o’in Module I/O

Kowane aikin PLC yana farawa ne da zanen layin tashoshin na’ura (terminal strip drawing). Ku ƙirga kowane na’urar firikwensin da actuator. Sa’an nan ku ɗora su a kan takamaiman iyalan module.

Nau’o’in Shigar Dijital: AC500 tana bayar da module DI na tashoshi 8, 16, ko 32. Akwai iyalan ƙarfin lantarki uku: 24V DC (na al’ada), 48V DC (motocin masana’antu), da 120V AC (gyaran tsoffin injuna). Yawancin sabbin ƙirarru suna amfani da module 24V DC na jerin DC512. Waɗannan suna ɗauke da tacewar shigar da aka gina a ciki. Ku saita lokacin tacewa daga 0.1ms zuwa 32ms ta hanyar software. Tacewa mai sauri tana kama gajerun bugun sigina amma tana ƙara yawan hayaniya. Don maɓallin tsayawa gaggawa, ku yi amfani da tacewa 0.5ms. Don maɓallan iyaka, 3ms tana aiki da kyau.

Nau’o’in Fitar Dijital: Fitar transistor (jerin DC512) suna iya kunna/kashewa a 10kHz. Ku yi amfani da su don sarrafa PWM ko ƙidaya mai sauri. Fitar relay (jerin DC522) suna ɗaukar 2A a 240V AC. Ku yi amfani da relay don masu tuntuɓar mota da solenoid. Kada ku taɓa haɗa fitar relay kai tsaye da nauyin inductive ba tare da diode na flyback ba. Dole ne a yi wa diode ƙayyadadden ƙarfin lantarki daidai ko fiye da ƙarfin coil. Rashin diode zai lalata relay a cikin ‘yan makonni.

Zaɓen Module na Analog: Module na shigar analog AI523 suna ba da tashoshi 4 na ƙuduri 16-bit. Ana iya saita kowane tashoshi dabam-dabam don 0-10V, -10-10V, 0-20mA, ko 4-20mA. Don auna zafi, ku yi amfani da module AT520 thermocouple. Yana goyon bayan nau’o’in J, K, T, N, E, R, S, da B. Gyaran haɗin sanyi (cold junction compensation) yana faruwa ta atomatik. Daidaiton module yana kaiwa ±0.1% na cikakken sikeli.

Lissafin Nauyin CPU da Gurbin Ƙwaƙwalwa

Zaɓen CPU yana buƙatar lambobi uku: ƙwaƙwalwar shiri, ƙwaƙwalwar bayanai, da burin lokacin duba zagaye. ABB tana wallafa waɗannan ƙayyadaddun a cikin takardar bayanan fasaha ta AC500.

Kimanta Bukatunku: Rubuta girman mantikin da kuke tsammani. Wani matsakaicin toshe aikin (function block) yana amfani da byte 100. Jumlar ladder logic guda ɗaya tana amfani da byte 50. Don injin da ke da toshe ayyuka 200 da jumloli 500, ƙwaƙwalwar shiri tana zama (200*100 + 500*50) = 45KB. Ƙara 100KB don bufer na sadarwa da ayyukan tsarin. Jimillar tana nan a ƙasa da 200KB. Wannan ya dace da kowace AC500 CPU. Amma ƙwaƙwalwar bayanai tana cikewa da wuri. Kowane alamar analog da ke da sikeli tana amfani da byte 8. Bufer na trend da ke adana samfurori 1000 ga alamomi 20 yana amfani da 160KB. Ku tsara ƙwaƙwalwar bayanai bisa ga bukatun tsarin historian ɗinku.

Ƙididdigar Lokacin Scan (Scan Time Calculation): Lokacin scan ya zama daidai da lokacin aiwatarwa ƙari da lokacin sabunta I/O ƙari da ƙarin nauyin sadarwa. Lokacin aiwatarwa kusan daidai yake da adadin umarni da aka raba da saurin CPU. PM554 na aiwatar da umarni 1000 a cikin 0.8ms. Shirin da ke da umarni 5000 yana ɗaukar 4ms. Sabunta I/O yana ƙara 0.1ms ga kowane module. Sadarwa tana ƙara 0.5ms ga kowace yarjejeniya (protocol) mai aiki. Jimillar lokacin scan = 4ms + (modules * 0.1ms) + (protocols * 0.5ms). Don tsarin da ke da modules 8 da protocols 2, lokacin scan = 4 + 0.8 + 1 = 5.8ms. Wannan ya wadatar ga yawancin ayyuka. Motsi mai saurin gaske yana buƙatar lokutan scan ƙasa da 1ms. Zaɓi PM591 don irin waɗannan lokuta.

Tsarawa na tsarin sadarwa (Communication Architecture Planning)

Tsarin cibiyar sadarwa yana shafar duka aiki (performance) da sauƙin gano matsala. AC500 yana tallafawa manyan fieldbuses guda biyar. Kowannensu yana da nasa takamaiman amfani.

• Modbus TCP: Ya fi dacewa don haɗin HMI da SCADA. Yi amfani da port 502. Yana tallafawa har zuwa haɗe-haɗe 32 a lokaci guda. Lokacin zagaye yawanci yana tsakanin 50-100ms.
• PROFINET IO: Sadarwa ta ainihin lokaci tsakanin na’urori. Lokutan zagaye daga 1ms zuwa 32ms. Yana tallafawa har zuwa na’urori 128. Ana buƙatarsa don ABB drives da remote I/O.
• EtherCAT: Saurin cibiyar sadarwar motsi (motion network) ƙwarai. Lokutan zagaye (cycle times) na iya sauka zuwa microseconds 250. Yana tallafawa har zuwa na’urori 65535. Ya fi dacewa da tsarin multi-axis servo.
• CANopen: Tsohon (legacy) yarjejeniyar sadarwa don sensors da ƙananan drives. Matsakaicin gudu 1Mbps. Iyakar nodes 127. Har yanzu yana da yawa a tsarin hydraulic.
• PROFIBUS DP: Tsohon serial bus. Matsakaicin 12Mbps. Ana maye gurbinsa da PROFINET. Yi amfani da shi ne kawai don haɗawa da masana’antar da tuni take amfani da shi.

Shawarwarin Injiniya: Gina tsarin cibiyar sadarwa ta Ethernet guda ɗaya domin dukkan na’urori. Yi amfani da managed switches da IGMP snooping. Wannan yana hana multicast storms daga bugun (crash) na cibiyar sadarwa. Ka ware static IP addresses a subnet ɗin da aka keɓe. Misali, 192.168.10.1 zuwa 192.168.10.200. Ajiye PLC a .1. Ajiye HMIs a .10 zuwa .20. Ajiye drives a .50 zuwa .100. Wannan tsarin yana hanzarta gano matsala.

Rage aiki saboda yanayin muhalli da matakan kariya

Bayanan fasaha da aka wallafa suna ɗaukar cewa yanayi na aiki sun kasance masu kyau ƙwarai. Masana’antu na gaskiya suna buƙatar amfani da ƙididdigar rage iya aiki (derating factors).

Rage zafin aiki (Temperature Derating): AC500 na aiki ne a matsakaicin 60°C. Amma, kowane ƙarin 5°C sama da 40°C yana rage MTBF zuwa rabin darajarta. Sanya fan na bangon panel idan zafin jikin cikin panel ya wuce 45°C. Auna zafin panel bayan sa’o’i 8 na aiki. Yi amfani da thermocouple da aka ɗaure a heatsink na CPU. Idan zafin jiki ya nuna 55°C, tsawon rayuwar aiki mai inganci yana raguwa zuwa kashi 25% na darajar asali. Fan mai kuɗin $50 yana dawo da cikakken tsawon rayuwar aiki.

Danshi da Lalata: Kayan AC500 na al'ada suna jure danshi na 95% na dangi ba tare da ƙanƙancewa ba. Don masana'antar takarda ko masana'antar sinadarai, zaɓi nau'in XC (eXtreme Condition). Ana rufe kayayyakin XC da conformal coating. Wannan na kare su daga iskar hydrogen sulfide da chlorine. XC kuma yana faɗaɗa zangon zafi zuwa -40°C zuwa +70°C. Lambar sassa tana ɗauke da ƙarin "-XC" a ƙarshe. Misali: PM583-XC yana maye gurbin PM583 na al'ada.

Gir-giza da Kaɗawa: AC500 na jure gir-giza mai ɗorewa na 5g daga 10Hz zuwa 150Hz. Don injinan bugawa ko kayan forging, ƙara na'urorin rage gir-giza. Yi amfani da matashin roba tsakanin panel da firam ɗin da aka dora shi. Rage tsayin panel zuwa ƙasa da 600mm. Dogayen panel suna ƙara gir-giza. Ajiye modules na CPU a layin panel na ƙasa.

Tsarin Shirye-shirye Don Sauƙin Kula da Shi

Tsarin lambar shiri yana ƙayyade saurin da mai gyara zai gano matsala. Bi tsarin matakai uku da ke ƙasa.

Layer 1: Cire Kai daga Kayan Gaskiya (Matsayin Na'ura): Ƙirƙiri block na aiki guda ɗaya (function block) ga kowace na'ura ta zahiri. Ga mota, ƙirƙiri FB_Motor. A ciki, haɗa DO da farawa, DI da sakon komawa na gudu, AI da halin yanzu (current). Yi amfani da structured text don lissafi. Bayyana fannoni uku kaɗai: Start, Stop, da Reset. Kada ka bari matakai na sama su taɓa adireshin I/O kai tsaye. Wannan yana ware canje-canjen kayan aiki. Idan mota ta motsa daga DO1 zuwa DO5, canza FB_Motor instance kaɗai. Babu wani sauran lamba da zai lalace.

Layer 2: Jeri na Inji (Matsayin Tsari): Yi amfani da state machine ta SFC (Sequential Function Chart). Kowane mataki yana wakiltar aikin inji. Kowace sauya mataki tana duba sharuɗɗa. Ga tashar cikawa, matakan na iya haɗawa da: WaitForContainer, MoveFillHead, OpenValve, WaitForWeight, CloseValve, RetractFillHead. SFC yana sa binciken jerin aiki ya zama abin gani. Injiniya yana ganin daidai wane mataki ne yake aiki a yanzu. Sanya iyakar lokaci ga kowane mataki zuwa 120% na lokacin aikinsa na al'ada. Ƙaddamar da ƙararrawa idan an kai iyakar lokacin.

Layer 3: Lissafin Kulawa (Matsayin Mai Kula): A nan ake sarrafa yanayi (modes), kula da ƙararrawa, da yin rikodin bayanai. Aiwana yanayi guda uku na daidaito: Na Hannu, Na Atomatik, da Na Gyara. A yanayin Na Hannu, ma'aikata masu aiki da na'ura suna ba da umarni ga kowace na'urar motsi daban. A yanayin Na Atomatik, jerin aikin yana gudana da kansa. A yanayin Na Gyara, a kulle jerin aikin amma binciken matsala yana ci gaba da aiki. Ajiye matsayin yanayi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar da ke riƙe bayanai. Kashewa da kunna wuta bai kamata ya canza yanayin ba.

Shigarwa a Filin: Jagorar Haɗa Waya Mataki-mataki

Ka'idojin Tsara Panel

Sanya AC500 CPU a kusurwar hagu ta sama na panel. Bar tazarar 60mm a sama don shigar iska. Bar tazarar 40mm a ƙasa don magudanan wayoyi. Sanya kayayyakin I/O a dama da CPU. Mafi yawan modules 12 ne ga kowane CPU ba tare da backplane na faɗaɗawa ba. Don manyan tsaruka, ƙara kayayyakin faɗaɗa backplane. Kowane faɗaɗa yana ƙara ramuka 12. Tazarar da ke tsakanin CPU da faɗaɗa na ƙarshe bai kamata ya wuce mita 2 ba.

Tsarin Zane na Haɗa Kasa

Ƙirƙiri busbar na ƙasa guda ɗaya (single-point ground). Yi amfani da sandar tagulla mai faɗin 10mm da kauri 3mm. Haɗa terminal 0V na PLC zuwa wannan busbar da wayar kore-ja (green-yellow) 4mm². Haɗa ƙasan panel (incoming mains earth) zuwa wannan busbar ɗin ɗaya. Haɗa kowane terminal na functional ground na kowane I/O module zuwa busbar. Kada ka ƙirƙiri madauki na ƙasa (ground loops). Kada ka taɓa haɗa ƙasa a ƙarshen igiya biyu. Auna juriya tsakanin busbar da sandar ƙasa ta ginin (building earth rod). Juriya dole ta kasance ƙasa da 1 ohm. Ƙara ƙarin sandunan ƙasa idan ya zama dole.

Yadda Ake Haɗa Shigarwar Dijital

Yi amfani da kebul mai kariya na igiyoyi 3 (3-wire shielded) don firikwensin kusanci (proximity sensors). Layin ruwan kasa zuwa +24V na wutar firikwensin. Layin shuɗi zuwa 0V. Layin baki zuwa terminal DI na PLC. Haɗa shield ɗin kebul ne kawai a gefen PLC. Don maɓallan inji na igiyoyi 2 (2-wire mechanical switches), yi amfani da kebul marar kariya. Haɗa ɗaya daga cikin tuntuɓen (contact) zuwa +24V. Haɗa ɗayan tuntuɓen zuwa terminal DI. Sanya resistor 10k ohm na pull-down a terminal DI. Wannan yana hana shigarwa (input) tashi ya zama mara tabbas lokacin da maɓalli ya buɗe. Modules na AC500 suna da pull-down na ciki. Sanya DIP switch a kunne don kunna su.

Yadda Ake Haɗa Fitarwar Dijital

Transistor outputs suna iya fitar da 0.5A a kowane channel. Don kaya (loads) da suka fi 0.5A, ƙara interposing relay. Coil na relay ya kasance yana ja 20mA a 24V. Sanya flyback diode (1N4007) a faɗaɗɗen coil na relay. Cathode zuwa +24V, anode zuwa transistor output. Don kaya masu motsi (inductive loads) kamar bawulolin solenoid, saka suppression diode a kan bawul. Irin wannan 1N4007 yana aiki. Don fitilun filament (incandescent lamps) (inrush current sau 10 na na daidaitacciyar ƙarfi), rage iyakar transistor outputs zuwa 0.2A. Yi amfani da relay outputs don fitilu.

Yadda Ake Haɗa Siginonin Analog

Yi amfani da kowane siginar analog da nasa kebul na twisted pair mai kariya (individually shielded twisted pair). Belden 8762 (layuka 2, 22 AWG) shi ne na yau da kullum. Haɗa kariyar kebul (shield) zuwa terminal ɗin shield na PLC analog module. Kada ka haɗa shield a gefen firikwensin. Don madauki 4-20mA, PLC yana bayar da 24V zuwa firikwensin. Haɗa terminal AI+ na PLC zuwa + na firikwensin. Haɗa - na firikwensin zuwa terminal AI- na PLC. PLC tana auna kuzarin lantarki (current) da ke bi ta cikin madauki. Matsakaicin juriya na madauki shi ne 750 ohm. Don firikwensin da ke fiye da mita 300 daga nesa, ƙara signal isolator. Isolator ɗin yana sake gina siginar 4-20mA.

Tsarin Kunna Wuta

A kunna wuta a wannan tsari: Na farko, babban disconnect na panel. Na biyu, wutar lantarki ta PLC. Na uku, wutar lantarki ta na'urorin firikwensin (sensor). Na huɗu, wutar lantarki ta fitarwa (output power supply). Jira sakan 5 tsakanin kowane mataki. Wannan yana hana yanayin raguwar ƙarfin wuta (brown-out). Kula da fitilun LED na CPU bayan an kunna wuta. Fitilar PWR LED tana yin kore nan da nan. Fitilar RUN LED tana kyalli na sakan 3, sa’an nan ta zauna kore ba ta kyalli. Idan RUN ta ci gaba da kyalli, CPU ba ta da shiri (program). Idan ERR ta yi ja, akwai matsalar kayan aiki (hardware fault). Haɗa Automation Builder kuma karanta diagnostic buffer.

Aikace-aikacen Gaskiya: Injin Cike Jakunkunan Siminti a Masana'anta

Masana'antar siminti a Vietnam ta inganta injina 12 na cike jakunkuna. Kowane inji yana cike jakunkuna na 50kg a saurin jakunkuna 30 a minti. Tsohuwar relay logic tana lalacewa duk mako. Tsarin AC500 yanzu shi ke sarrafa auna nauyi, cike jakunkuna, da tara ko cire ƙura.

Saitin I/O a kowane inji: DI 24 (jaka tana nan, matsayi na ƙofa, nauyi ya daidaita), DO 16 (ƙofar cikawa, mai jijjiga, bel ɗin ɗaukar kaya, bawul ɗin ƙura), AI 4 (siginar load cell), AO 2 (nunin sauri zuwa mai ciyarwa). Jimlar adadin I/O: maki 46 a kowane inji. Injiniyoyi sun ƙara kaso 20% na ajiya: DI 8 da DO 4 sun rage ba a yi amfani da su ba.

Zaben CPU: PM564 tare da ƙwaƙwalwar shirin 1MB. Lokacin scan da aka auna: 4.2ms. Wannan yana tallafawa jakunkuna 30 a minti (kowane jaka na buƙatar madauwari 2000ms). CPU ɗin yana aiki a kusan 50% na nauyi, yana barin tazara don ƙarin fasaloli a gaba.

Sakamakon aiki: Bayan watanni 18, lokacin aiki ba tare da tsayawa ba ya kai 99.3%. Tsohon tsarin relay ya kai 92% na lokacin aiki. Kowane inji yana samar da jakunkuna 3600 a kowane shif. Idan riba ita ce dala $5 a kowane jaka, ƙarin lokacin aiki yana ƙara dala $1,300 ga kowace na’ura a rana. Lokacin dawo da jari: kwanaki 11.

Aikace-aikace na gaske: Sarrafa reactor na masana’antar magunguna

Wani kamfanin magunguna a Ireland ya buƙaci maye gurbin tsohon DCS mai shekara 15. Reactor ɗin yana samar da sinadarin aiki na maganin ciwon suga. Dole zafin jiki ya kasance cikin ±0.5°C. Matsa lamba ba zai wuce 2.5 bar ba. Kundila ɗaya yana gudana na sa’o’i 48.

Saitin I/O: DI 48 (maƙunnin matsayi na bawul, matsayin famfo), DO 32 (na’urorin motsa bawul, masu farawa famfo), AI 16 (zafin jikin RTD, firamare na matsa lamba, na’urar auna pH), AO 8 (matsayi na bawulolin sarrafawa, ƙarfin dumama). Injiniyoyi sun ƙara DI 8 na ajiya da AO 4 na ajiya.

Zaben CPU: PM583-XC tare da rufin kariya na musamman. Yankin reactor yana da tururin sinadarai masu narkewa. Kayayyakin daidaitattu za su yi tsatsa. Amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar shirin: 1.8MB. Amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar bayanai: 3.2MB (ciki har da bayanan rajistar kundila). Lokacin zagayen scan: 18ms. Zagayen PID suna aiki kowane 100ms.

Tsarin sadarwa: PROFINET yana haɗa da akwatunan I/O na nesa uku. Ɗaya daga cikin akwatunan yana wurin reactor (mitoci 50). Ɗaya yana ginin ayyukan wutar lantarki (mitoci 120). Ɗaya yana ɗakin kula da tsarin (mitoci 80). Na’urorin mayar da siginar fiber optic suna cike gibin tazara sama da mitoci 100. Ethernet yana haɗuwa da tsarin SCADA na shafin ta hanyar firewall. PLC yana adana bayanan kundila a kan network drive. Kowane rajistar kundila ta ƙunshi sigogi 200 da ake ɗauka kowane minti.

Bayanan aiki: Tsarin ya kammala kundila 342 a cikin watanni 14. Babu gazawa da suka shafi PLC ko ɗaya. Daidaicin sarrafa zafin jiki an auna shi ±0.3°C, wanda ya fi abin da ake buƙata. Daidaiton kundila ya ƙaru daga 94% zuwa 98% da ke wuce sakin inganci. Abokin ciniki yana kimanta ajiya na dala $2.1M a shekara saboda raguwar kundilan da ake ƙi.

Shawarwarin injiniya don kaddamar da tsarin

Shawarwari 1: Yi kwaikwayo kafin haɗa wayoyi Yi amfani da yanayin kwaikwayon Automation Builder. Ƙirƙiri na’urar I/O na kwaikwayo da ke kwaikwayon na’urorin auna ma’auni. Gwada kowane jerin aiki a layi-ƙasa. Tilasta shigarwa su canja matsayi kuma tabbatar da cewa fitowar tana amsawa daidai. Wannan yana kama kashi 80% na kurakuran mantiki kafin a fara aikin filin.

Shawara ta 2: Ka Yi Amfani da Forced I/O don Gwaji A lokacin commissioning, ka yi amfani da force table don murƙushe (override) shigarwa. Wannan yana kwaikwayon siginar firikwensin ba tare da motsi na zahiri ba. Amma, kada ka bar forces suna aiki bayan an gama commissioning. Shigar da aka tilasta (forced input) na ɓoye kuskuren wayoyi. Ka cire duk forces kafin a fara samarwa.

Shawara ta 3: Ka Gina Shafin HMI na Ganowa (Diagnostic) Ka ƙirƙiri allo guda ɗaya da yake nuna matsayin kowane I/O point. Ka yi launi: kore ga shigar aiki, toka ga mara aiki. Nuna ƙimomin analog a rubuce da lambobi. Hada da timestamp na canjin I/O na ƙarshe. Wannan shafi kaɗai yana warware kusan kashi 90% na tambayoyin wayar daga filin aiki. Mai kula da gyara yana ganin nan take wane firikwensin ne ya gaza.

Shawara ta 4: Ka Yi Amfani da Soft Watchdogs Ka rubuta agogo (timer) na daƙiƙa 5 wanda ake sake saita shi a kowace scan. Idan agogon ya ƙare, shirin ya makale. Ka tayar da wani fitarwa da zai kunna fitilar faɗakarwa (beacon). Hakanan ka rubuta watchdogs na sadarwa ga kowace na'ura mai nisa. Idan na'urar ta daina amsawa na daƙiƙa 1, ka rubuta abin da ya faru (log event). Kada ka dakatar da samarwa saboda ƙaramin tangardar sadarwa. Yawancin networks suna samun ɓatan packets lokaci zuwa lokaci.

Shawara ta 5: Ka Yi Lakabi a Komai Yi amfani da na'urar yin lakabi a kan kowane waya. Ka sanya lakabi a kowane terminal da adireshin PLC ɗinsa. Ka sanya lakabi a kowane module da lambar slot ɗinsa. Ka sanya lakabi a kowane kebul na firikwensin da inda yake nufa. Wannan rubutacciyar bayanin tana ceton awanni yayin binciken matsala a nan gaba. Mai gyara da yake da kyawawan lakabi yana gyara matsala cikin mintuna 10. Idan babu lakabi, matsala iri ɗaya na iya ɗaukar sa'o'i 2.

Tambayoyi da ake yawan yi

Ta yaya zan sabunta firmware na AC500 ba tare da rasa shirin da ke ciki ba?
Sauke sabon fayil ɗin firmware daga shafin yanar gizon ABB. Yi amfani da kayan aikin Firmware Update na Automation Builder. Haɗa ta USB ko Ethernet. Kayan aikin yana adana retentive variables da shirin application. Duk da haka, ka yi backup kafin ka yi sabuntawa. Wasu manyan sauye-sauyen sigar firmware na buƙatar a maida shirin (program conversion). Ka gwada sabuwar firmware a kan wata CPU ajiyar (spare) da farko. Ka koma baya (roll back) idan ka ga lokacin scan ya ƙaru.

Menene ke haifar da matsalolin sadarwa masu yawan yankewa a kan PROFINET?
Akwai manyan dalilai uku: maimaita adireshin IP, wayoyin Ethernet marasa kyau, ko switch flooding. Da farko, ka yi scanning na network ɗin da Wireshark. Duba ko akwai rikice-rikicen adireshin IP. Na biyu, ka maye gurbin duk wani kebul da ya fi mita 100 tsawo ko kuma da bend radius ƙasa da 25mm. Na uku, kunna IGMP snooping a kan managed switches. Idan babu shi, multicast traffic yana mamaye dukkan ports. Ka saita PLC ta aika unicast PROFINET frames maimakon multicast. Wannan yana rage nauyin network da kusan kashi 90%.

Zan iya haɗa shigar 120V AC da shigar 24V DC a cikin CPU ɗaya?
I, amma ka yi amfani da modules dabam-dabam. AC500 yana ba da DI524 don shigar 120V AC. Kada ka taɓa haɗa siginar AC da DC a cikin module ɗaya. Ramin haɗin gama-na-module yana ɗaukar irin nau'in wutar. Haɗa nau'ukan wuta daban-daban yana lalata na'urar shigarwa. Hakanan ka raba magudanar wayoyi na AC da na DC. Induction daga wayoyin AC na iya tayar da siginar DC ba daidai ba. Ka bar aƙalla tazara 50mm a tsakaninsu.